Jane Austens Life and Work Essay -- Author Biography

Jane Austen, one of the most celebrated novelists, wrote seven of the most distinguished novels in the English language. Her first novel--which she started in 1795, revised in 1809 or 1810, and finally published in 1811—was Sense and Sensibility. Many agree that her most renowned work would be Pride and Prejudice. Austen began writing in her early twenties but did not publish her work until later in her life. She obtained a better education than most women of her time. Born in Steventon Village in Hampshire on December 16, 1775, Austen was born into an upper middle class family. She was the daughter of George Austen, a clergyman, and Cassandra Austen. Austen received her education at Reading Abby School. Before she was eighteen Austen had written three volumes of juvenilia and her first book was published at the age of thirty-five. Pride and Prejudice, originally titled First Impressions, was submitted to a London publisher by her father in 1797, a year after Austen b egan writing it. Although the novel was enjoyed by many of her friends and family, the publisher rejected it. She moved to Bath in 1801 and continued to work on First Impressions until 1805 when her father and a close friend passed away in which time she stopped writing for almost five years. In 1809 Austen moved to Hampshire at Chawton College, close to her hometown of Steventon and on January 28, 1813 Pride and Prejudice was published anonymously. Austen’s novels are about people of her societal class on courtship and marriage and throughout her life there were approximately fifteen anonymous reviews, three on Pride and Prejudice. James Edward Austen-Leigh, Austen’s nephew, wrote her first biography in 1870 portraying her as a benevolent, devout, â€Å"spin... ...te, clever, pointed, and satirical to say the least. Jane Austen’s Emma relates to her life in the fact that she writes about the people in her societal class. All of her characters live near the area she grew up in and are all upper middle class families. In Emma George Knightley is often the voice of Austen herself. He relays her opinions and emotions in a subtle way that does not disengage the reader too much. While relaying her opinions and emotions through a character within the novel, it keeps the reader involved enough to keep their emotions within the story and not towards Austen herself. Works Cited Collins, K K. â€Å"Austen, Jane.† World Book Student. World Book Student. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Gale Student Resources in Context. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Hodge, J.A., et al. â€Å"Jane Austen.† Columbia Encyclopedia. EBSCOhost. Web. 4 Jan. 2011.

Computer Linguistics and Philosophical Interpretation :: Technology Philosophy Essays

Computer Linguistics and Philosophical Interpretation ABSTRACT: This paper reports a procedure which I employed with two computational research instruments, the Index Thomisticus and its companion St. Thomas CD-ROM, in order to research the Thomistic axiom, ‘whatever is received is received according to the mode of the receiver.’ My procedure extends to the lexicological methods developed by the pioneering creator of the Index, Roberto Busa, from single terms to a proposition. More importantly, the paper shows how the emerging results of the lexicological searches guided my formation of a philosophical thesis about the axiom’s import for Aquinas’s existential metaphysics. One day in 1949, when the computer was still in its infancy, a young Jesuit knocked at the door of an executive of I.B.M., and explained that he wanted to put the corpus of Thomas Aquinas’s writings on computer. He wanted, moreover, to number each word, as well as to identify and tag each as the form of its proper lemma. He wanted, in short, a complete graphico-syntatical systemization of all the words Aquinas ever wrote. As data was still being entered into computers by means of the long since forgotten punch-card, this I.B.M. executive was respectfully but decidedly sceptical about the tenability, if not the use, of such a project. Roberto Busa respectfully but decidedly reassured him that if I.B.M. would but supply the technology, Busa himself would see to the rest. And so he did. Over two decades and millions of punch-cards later, there began to emerge into the light of day the Index Thomisticus, the second largest publication of this century. The next step was to figure o ut what to do with it. Busa’s pioneering Index has kept pace with the computer’s hypertrophic evolution even to the present day, its latest reincarnation being in the form of the St. Thomas CD-ROM. (1) In this talk, I want to describe how I went about utilizing the Index Thomisticus and its companion St. Thomas CD-ROM to conduct a systematic and comprehensive search of Thomas’s writings for a certain Scholastic axiom. I hope in this way to offer a model for a philosophical use of computational linguistics, and to show how the emerging results of my lexicological research guided my formation of a philosophical thesis about the axiom's import. Following Busa, I call the procedures I used ‘lexicological’ in that they delineate and clarify one part of the active lexicon of Aquinas through use of the Index Thomisticus as the complete graphico-syntactic systematization of all the words in his writings. Computer Linguistics and Philosophical Interpretation :: Technology Philosophy Essays Computer Linguistics and Philosophical Interpretation ABSTRACT: This paper reports a procedure which I employed with two computational research instruments, the Index Thomisticus and its companion St. Thomas CD-ROM, in order to research the Thomistic axiom, ‘whatever is received is received according to the mode of the receiver.’ My procedure extends to the lexicological methods developed by the pioneering creator of the Index, Roberto Busa, from single terms to a proposition. More importantly, the paper shows how the emerging results of the lexicological searches guided my formation of a philosophical thesis about the axiom’s import for Aquinas’s existential metaphysics. One day in 1949, when the computer was still in its infancy, a young Jesuit knocked at the door of an executive of I.B.M., and explained that he wanted to put the corpus of Thomas Aquinas’s writings on computer. He wanted, moreover, to number each word, as well as to identify and tag each as the form of its proper lemma. He wanted, in short, a complete graphico-syntatical systemization of all the words Aquinas ever wrote. As data was still being entered into computers by means of the long since forgotten punch-card, this I.B.M. executive was respectfully but decidedly sceptical about the tenability, if not the use, of such a project. Roberto Busa respectfully but decidedly reassured him that if I.B.M. would but supply the technology, Busa himself would see to the rest. And so he did. Over two decades and millions of punch-cards later, there began to emerge into the light of day the Index Thomisticus, the second largest publication of this century. The next step was to figure o ut what to do with it. Busa’s pioneering Index has kept pace with the computer’s hypertrophic evolution even to the present day, its latest reincarnation being in the form of the St. Thomas CD-ROM. (1) In this talk, I want to describe how I went about utilizing the Index Thomisticus and its companion St. Thomas CD-ROM to conduct a systematic and comprehensive search of Thomas’s writings for a certain Scholastic axiom. I hope in this way to offer a model for a philosophical use of computational linguistics, and to show how the emerging results of my lexicological research guided my formation of a philosophical thesis about the axiom's import. Following Busa, I call the procedures I used ‘lexicological’ in that they delineate and clarify one part of the active lexicon of Aquinas through use of the Index Thomisticus as the complete graphico-syntactic systematization of all the words in his writings.

Maxine Kumin Poetry Analysis

Maxine Kumin definitely has a very shocking way of portraying her poetry. It can easily be seen that she has a deep love for nature and animals. However, it goes to a much further distance than your average person. In the poem â€Å"Morning Swim† and â€Å"To Swim, to Believe† she describes swimming, as obviously mentioned in the title. In â€Å"Morning Swim† she describes becoming one with the body of water as she travels through it. In â€Å"To Swim, to Believe† she describes Jesus walking on the water, as described in the Bible. She states about how Peter had doubt about what Jesus told him to do, and thus as a result fell into the water.This poem demonstrates the importance of believing. â€Å"Heaven as Anus† is a very strong poem. It describes the multiple horrors and atrocities that animals face while they are facing testing and experiments. The poem really stabs at you and expresses its opinion with feeling. For example, â€Å"The whitewall labs fill up with the feces of fear. † (Kumin) â€Å"Requiem on I-89† describes the carcasses of animals being devoured on the road. She shirks in no details at all. The putrid, split carcasses strewn across the road are explained in vivid detail. For example, â€Å"lies on its side, bust open. † (Kumin) Kumin uses very interesting rhyme schemes.In â€Å"Morning Swim† it is pretty straightforward. Every line rhymes with the one following it. In â€Å"Heaven as Anus† I can really only see the first and third lines rhyming, as well as the last two lines rhyming. In â€Å"Requiem on I-89† I can see that no consecutive lines rhyme with each other. Donald Justice does a very good job of using imagery to portray events in his poems. In â€Å"First Death† he describes the death and wake of his grandmother. One quote that really affected me was â€Å"Powder mixed with a drying paste† as I remember the makeup that my late great-grandmoth er wore. In â€Å"Absences† he describes the emptiness of a snow-stricken day.This poem is rather gloomy in tone, as it describes his memories of playing a childhood piano. I really found that â€Å"Men at Forty† was a rather interesting, if somewhat humorous, poem. In it, he is describes how middle-aged men reminisce about certain things. For example, remembering teaching their sons how to tie their shoes. â€Å"The face of the boy as he practices tying. † He says â€Å"There are more fathers than sons themselves now,† alluding to the fact that at this point in the men’s lives (at least in this time period) their children are growing old enough to the point where they are beginning to move out.Donald Justice rhymes his poem â€Å"First Death† in a very simple matter. Every line rhymes with the subsequent line following it. This goes on for all of the forty-eight lines that it contains. I could honestly find no evidence of rhyme in his poem â€Å"Children Walking Home From School Through Good Neighborhood. † The same is the case of â€Å"Absences. † This reinforces the concept, that comes from previous readings as well, that rhyme is not needed at all to create great works of poetry.

A Critical Essay

If the above quote is to be examined, it actually says the opposite of this thesis statement; that art, such as music, theater and the like are expressions of society’s creativity. Ironically, though, it also bolsters it by saying that the personal expression of the artist, although not necessarily a reflection of society’s collective creative process and experience is actually the very basis from which society itself is being drawn into, modified, classified, shaped, molded, awakened, and finally, defined.Art after all, beginning from the artist’s own personal creativity, was created due to the artists reaction to, or personal reflection of a stimulus that came from his dealings and living in his environment and society; coming full circle when society shares and identifies with the artist’s own significant human experience.History is replete with artistic expressions of a group of people’s own intrinsic expressions of individuality and affinity am ong the members of the same group or community. This is in tune with the artist’s search for a sounding board within the society, and thus, shaping and reforming his own society.Art, being larger than the life that it supposedly mirrors does not only remain confined within the artist’s personal sphere. It seeks far wider audience, even beyond the community or society. It seeks the world to find a collectivity with the universal human experience.Folk art is one among the many forms where art is being elevated as a voice of a society, a generation or a community. Here it ceases to be a mere personal expression of the artistbut becomes a societal expression of creativity and significance. Art also functions as a chronicle of the human spirit, as well as the development of society as a whole. The songs, dances, poetry, paintings and other artistic expression serve as testament to the development of society.A society’s greatness, or otherwise is reflected in the art forms and expressions that would surface during one given time. It goes without saying therefore that a study of art would reveal much of a society’s soul. It is imperative therefore that art should be studied, understood, encouraged, cultivated and empowered.The clearest and most direct way to attain this of course is to go back to the source and soul of art; the artist and his interaction with life and the world he lives in. If art is to be cultivated, then we must create an environment that would be conducive and supportive of the artist. We must awaken the sense of artistry and the zest for artistic expression in every one of us, so that we will stand as chroniclers each, of the society we live in at our given present time.Let it flourish and be a collective expression that would stand time and in the process, enrich the future with a ready reference that would mirror our present society, and in effect serve as lessons for the future generations. Such is the irony of art that Johann Wolfgang Goethe once said there is no surer method of evading the world than by following Art, and no surer method of linking oneself to it than by Art. (Goethe, 1749)Such is the paradox that is art; one that is a personal expression but then again – art (and science) belong to the whole world, and before them vanish the border of nationality, (Goethe, 1749) as a matter of fact. The famous Latin expression says everything, after all; Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Life is short, Art is songReferencesMiller, H. (n.d.). Henry Miller. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.henrymiller.org/ Von Goethe, J. (2008). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm

Black world study Intellectual Autobiography Essay

Black world study Intellectual Autobiography - Essay Example e the black historical experiences, the African-American experience, the race and ethnicity struggles, social stratification and black American renaissance movements that fostered black cultural identity (Bobo and Hudley 43). I am now aware that Africa continent is the cradle of mankind since there is existing documented anthropological evidence of existence of human beings and evidence of early civilizations in countries such as Egypt. The history of European colonization of African countries and enslavement of blacks in Western Hemisphere was critical for understanding how blacks of contributed to the diverse nature of societies across the world and how their force labor furthered overseas trade. I learned about the origins of transatlantic slave trade that mainly supplied slave labor to the southern cotton plantations in the new world between 1400 and 1800. The Jim Crow laws and Black Codes discriminated the blacks and perpetuated slavery by ensuring segregation and arrest of violent and escaping slavery. The blacks encountered extreme poverty during the Great Depression due to lack of formal jobs and low education levels (Bobo and Hudley 47). The program introduced me to the race, gender, and class oppression that affected the Black world and how the blacks struggled to overcome the various forms of enslavement, oppression, discrimination and prejudice in the society. The program enabled me understand how the black struggles against oppression led to the amendments of the US constitution such as the provisions that allowed equal participation in elections and fair justice procedures. Accordingly, black power movements strengthened human right activists who spearheaded the anti-discrimination legislation such as the Civil rights Act of 1967. I have learned that black people used civil disobedience to steer racial reforms and some organizations that spearheaded the demand for equality include Black Panther Party and Black Student Movement (Bobo and Hudley 44).

Critical Incident Logistic Response Structure Essay

Critical Incident Logistic Response Structure - Essay Example Units are commonly used in incident Planning, Logistics, or Finance/Administration sections and can be used in operations for some applications. Units are also found in EOC organizations." (Incident Command System, 2004) The Chief of Operations will make sure that all tactical operations at the incident site are carried out efficiently. It will be done immediately after the crisis and will also include recovery. The recovery will include air, water and land if necessary. This unit has to be capable of improvising and functioning under adverse conditions. The tactical team has to be able to immobilize within 72 hours at the maximum and be ready to bear hazardous conditions, even biologically hazardous conditions. This entails total assessment of the situation. The officer in charge of this particular branch will have to appoint different officers responsible for units such as collection, evaluation and status of the resources. There should also be a situation assessment analyst who makes sure that the officer in charge of Planning and the chief of operations are constantly informed of any developments in the crisis. In collections the officer in charge of that particular sub-branch will have officers under him who will be collection data such as (if they play a role in the crisis) weather forecasts reports, casualty information, incident scene reports etc. In evaluations the officer in charge there will receive all this information from the collections branch and make use of it by piecing all the information together. The intelligence information it will develop will not only assist in contingency plans but may be of use for the operations unit in tactical operations. There will also be a unit accountable for resources. This particular unit will be in charge of regulating all resources including human resources. They will make sure that the resources are efficiently spent and properly regulated. The situation assessment analyst will keep regular track of all this information and will keep reporting it to the Emergency manager and the chief of operations. He will also be required to make sure that any situation does not spiral out of control. Table1. Planning Overview Logistics This section is going to be responsible for providing all kinds of facilities and services such as transportation, shelter, hygiene, food, medical facilities etc. It has to be ensured that there are enough facilities present not only for the victims but for the relief personnel too. The logistics' section will actually be divided

The culture of Zulu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The culture of Zulu - Research Paper Example This led to the Battle of Isandlwana where the British suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Zulus. They were eventually defeated by the British in the battle of Ulundi in 1979 (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). During the Apartheid years, Zulus were classified as third class citizens and were forced to suffer discrimination at the hands of the state. Zulus have played an important role in the end of Apartheid and in the development of modern South Africa. The two important political parties of the country – African National Congress and the Inkatha freedom party were both formed by Zulus. They also participated in large numbers in the struggle to end Apartheid in both the parties. In this essay, discussions will be focused on the culture of Zulus especially their Religion, political organization of Zulus before the arrival of British and the Gender relations in Zululand (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). Mode of Subsistence Farming and cattle rearing were the primary modes of subsistence of the Zulus. Cattle especially the Ox was very important for the Zulus. Cattle were also given great significance and there was also a special place for the cattle in the family .The cattle was reared largely for eating purposes. Although all the cattle and the farms were owned by the head of the family who was a man each of his wives was provided with a set of her own farms and cattle which were used by her in order to feed her immediate family (Dougherty & Sievert, 2008). Zulu Religion The Spirit World Zulus placed a lot of importance on their ancestors and their spirits. These ancestors were supposed by them to be living in Unkulunkulu which was considered as the world of the spirits. The ancestors were the link between the living and the spirits. For this reasons they needed to be remembered by the family members, praised regularly and also appeased by maKing offerings to them. In case a family failed to do so, the spirits are were to visit them in the form of trou bles. These troubles can be solved only if the mistake of the family is rectified and the spirits of the ancestors are pacified by some offerings and by showering praises on them. The Sangoma was the spiritual healer and the priest of the Zulus. In case of a mishap such as failure of crops, death of livestock, draught or any other natural calamity the Sangoma was the one who declared the reasons for the calamity. The calamity could have been caused by the unhappy spirits or by witchcraft. If it was the former, the family was supposed to appease the ancestors but if it was the latter a witch-hunt and the elimination of the witch responsible was carried out (Monteiro-Ferreira, 2005). Another important religious person among the Zulus is the Inyanga. The Inyanga can be said to be the doctor of the Zulu tribe. He mostly used local plants and animals in order to find cure of the common diseases like cuts, bruises. The cure was usually followed by religious rituals in which the spirits we re praised and pacified and asked to restore the health of the person who is sick (Monteiro-Ferreira, 2005). It is not only ancestors whose spirits were worshipped by the Zulus. The spirits were also supposed to exist in animals, forests, mountains and caves. Thus animals should be fed properly and cared for, the forest and the mountains should not be made angry or the spirits living in them will have their vengeance on the people. The Zulus are afraid of the phenomenon of lightning. They believed